The 3×3 run is where hardware first enters the 2D route. Because exact ED is available, the hardware output can be treated properly: not as a standalone result, but as a diagnostic signal compared against exact and approximate local baselines.
The main question is simple:
how close are IBM and Fire Opal to the same exact observable values?
Circuit depth matters immediately
The shallow 3×3 route reduced the IBM-transpiled step-1 resources to:
- logical depth:
8 - transpiled IBM depth:
167 - two-qubit count:
159 - two-qubit depth:
52
For the Fire Opal qelib step-1 route, the exported circuit had:
- exported depth:
25 - CX count:
66 - two-qubit depth:
10
These numbers already explain part of the result. Fire Opal is not just a different postprocessing label. It changes the hardware route enough that the effective circuit presented to the device is much easier.
Step-by-step hardware comparison
The hardware comparison below is sector-conditioned against exact full ED.
| step | route | exact-sector survival | charge RMSE | spin-z RMSE | doublon RMSE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | IBM exact-sector | 0.224609 | 0.072170 | 0.098797 | 0.038610 |
| 1 | Fire Opal exact-sector | 0.567568 | 0.012651 | 0.019293 | 0.010273 |
| 2 | IBM exact-sector | 0.137695 | 0.123534 | 0.233135 | 0.073125 |
| 2 | Fire Opal exact-sector | 0.332692 | 0.035551 | 0.074967 | 0.027467 |
| 3 | IBM exact-sector | 0.146484 | 0.079577 | 0.182239 | 0.036406 |
| 3 | Fire Opal exact-sector | 0.216972 | 0.031717 | 0.074023 | 0.023461 |
The pattern is clear:
- Fire Opal is systematically closer to exact ED than direct IBM.
- Fire Opal has much higher exact-sector survival at step 1.
- Sector survival still decays with time.
- By step 3, the hardware result is still diagnostic, not a final physical
answer.
Why sector survival is central
The intended circuit family is number-preserving. The physical sector is part of the model definition. If a large fraction of shots leave the expected particle sector, the measured observables mix physical dynamics with noise.
Postselecting the exact sector can improve RMSE, but it also reduces the number of usable shots. That tradeoff matters:
- without postselection, leakage contaminates the observable;
- with exact-sector postselection, statistics may become thin;
- near-sector analysis can show whether errors are small particle-number
defects or completely off-sector noise.
For the 3×3 time sweep, Fire Opal begins with much better sector survival than direct IBM, but the survival still falls from about 0.568 at step 1 to about 0.217 at step 3.
That is the strongest warning from this run. Better mitigation is useful, but longer time evolution still needs shallower circuits and better protection of the particle sector.
What the time evolution says physically
The exact 3×3 time evolution shows early spin melting and doublon formation. Mean absolute spin-z decreases from 0.888889 at step 0 to 0.674849 at step
- Mean doublon rises from
0.000000to about0.064354by step 4.
TDHF follows the early diagonal observables surprisingly well, especially at step 1 and step 2. That does not make TDHF exact. It means that for this small early-time window, the measured observables are not yet maximally sensitive to correlations beyond mean field.
The Gaussian/free baseline diverges faster, especially in spin-z and doublon. That is useful because it shows the chosen observables do see interaction effects over the time sweep.
The interpretation boundary
The hardware data should be read as hardware diagnostics:
- IBM direct hardware shows significant noise and leakage.
- Fire Opal improves the 3×3 result substantially.
- Neither route removes the need for exact comparison.
- Longer time evolution is limited by sector survival and circuit depth.
The right conclusion is not "the hardware solved 2D Hubbard". The right conclusion is that the 3×3 validation run can distinguish better and worse hardware routes on physically defined observables.
That is exactly what this run was built to do.